#######################
Programming with Python
#######################


.. toctree::
   :hidden:

   introduction_to_python/index
   exercises/index
   examples/index
   pythonic_specialities/index
   introduction_to_command_line_shells/index
   references


.. image:: /_static/programming_with_python/python-logo.png

.. 
   admonition:: Precap

   Python has the reputation of being a comparatively easy to learn programming language.

The objective of this course is to develop basic programming skills using the `Python 3 <https://www.python.org>`__ programming language. It is split into several sections, each with a focus on a different aspect of programming with Python. The sections are:

.. rst-class:: strong-references

  * :doc:`introduction_to_python/index`: An introduction to the fundamental elements of the programming language.
  * :doc:`exercises/index`: Scripts that focus on fundamental topics like data types, calculations, conditions, loops, functions, etc.
  * :doc:`examples/index`: Scripts that demonstrate real-world applications using external libraries, internet communication, graphical user interfaces, etc.
  * :doc:`pythonic_specialities/index`: Most of the fundamental elements are shared across all programming languages, but some are special to Python.
  * :doc:`introduction_to_command_line_shells/index`: An introduction to a text-based and very common way to interact with a program.
  * :doc:`references`: ...
.. 
   /physical_computing/introduction_to_python/index
   /physical_computing/introduction_to_python/first_steps

   .. table::
      :class: lecture-directory
      :width: 100%
      :widths: 10 80 10

      +------+--------+----------------------------------+
      |      | Read   | Watch                            |
      +======+========+==================================+
      | *Common electronic circuits*                     |
      +------+--------+----------------------------------+
      | *Introduction*                                   |
      +------+--------+----------------------------------+
      | TX10 | |TX00| | 12’22”                           |
      +------+--------+----------------------------------+
      | TX11 | |TX01| | 12’22”                           |
      +------+--------+----------------------------------+
      | TX10 | |TX02| | 12’22”                           |
      +------+--------+----------------------------------+
      | *Basic Examples*                                 |
      +------+--------+----------------------------------+
      | TX10 | |TX20| | 12’22”                           |
      +------+--------+----------------------------------+
      | TX11 | |TX21| | 12’22”                           |
      +------+--------+----------------------------------+
      | TX11 | |TX22| | 12’22”                           |
      +------+--------+----------------------------------+
      | TX11 | |TX23| | 12’22”                           |
      +------+--------+----------------------------------+
      | TX11 | |TX24| | 12’22”                           |
      +------+--------+----------------------------------+
      | TX11 | |TX25| | 12’22”                           |
      +------+--------+----------------------------------+
      | TX11 | |TX26| | 12’22”                           |
      +------+--------+----------------------------------+
      | *Advanced Examples*                              |
      +------+--------+----------------------------------+
      | TX11 | |TX30| | 12’22”                           |
      +------+--------+----------------------------------+
      | TX11 | |TX31| | 12’22”                           |
      +------+--------+----------------------------------+
      | TX11 | |TX32| | 12’22”                           |
      +------+--------+----------------------------------+
      | TX11 | |TX33| | 12’22”                           |
      +------+--------+----------------------------------+

   .. |TX00| replace::
      `Prerequisites </>`__
      |br| System requirements software download and installation.

   .. |TX01| replace::
      `Using a command-line interface (CLI) </>`__
      |br| A quick introduction to how to use the built in CLIs on your computer. 

   .. |TX02| replace::
      `Elements of a programming language </>`__
      |br| Reserved words, identifiers, and everything else.

   .. |TX20| replace::
      `Reserved words and identifiers </>`__
      |br| Hello, world!

   .. |TX21| replace::
      `Data types </>`__
      |br| Numbers, texts, lists, dictionaries and tuples.

   .. |TX22| replace::
      `Conditions <./basic_examples/2-conditions_and_loops>`__
      |br| Skip lines of code under certain conditions.

   .. |TX23| replace::
      `Loops </>`__
      |br| Repeat lines of code multiple times.

   .. |TX24| replace::
      `Functions </>`__
      |br| Name lines of code to improve modularity and reusability.

   .. |TX25| replace::
      `Classes </>`__
      |br| Name a group of variables and functions and use them as a blueprint.

   .. |TX26| replace::
      `Exceptions </>`__
      |br| Anticipating and catching errors.


   .. |TX30| replace::
      `Internet communication & data interchange formats </>`__
      |br| Getting weather information from https://openweathermap.org.

   .. |TX31| replace::
      `Speak and listen </>`__
      |br| Convert text to speech and speech to text 

   .. |TX32| replace::
      `Graphical user interfaces (GUIs) </>`__
      |br| Create a stop watch or analogue clock with the Tkinter library.

   .. |TX33| replace::
      `Lights on </>`__
      |br| Control Philips Hue lights with Python.


..
   +-----+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   | #   | Title                                                        | Topics                                     |
   +=====+==============================================================+============================================+
   | 0/9 | **Introduction**                                                                                          |
   +     +--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   |     | `01-print.py`_                                               | print(), string literal                    |
   +     +--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   |     | `02-print_w_special_character.py`_                           | special characters                         |
   +     +--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   |     | `03-print_w_variable.py`_                                    | variables                                  |
   +     +--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   |     | `04-for_loops.py`_                                           | lists, loop                                |
   +     +--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   |     | `05-for_loops_and_conditions.py`_                            | conditions                                 |
   +     +--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   |     | `06-calculations_and_types.py`_                              | operators, types                           |
   +     +--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   |     | `07-functions.py`_                                           | functions                                  |
   +-----+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   | 1/9 | **Reserved words and identifiers**                                                                        |
   +     +--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   |     | `11-hello_world.py`_                                         | print(), string literal                    |
   +     +--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   |     | `12-hello_world_w_variable.py`_                              | variable, =, +                             |
   +     +--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   |     | `13-hello_world_w_input.py`_                                 | input()                                    |
   +     +--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   |     | `14-hello_world_w_pythonic_string_formatting.py`_            | str.format()                               |
   +     +--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   |     | `15-celsius_to_fahrenheit.py`_                               | int(), \*, /                               |
   +     +--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   |     | `16-celsius_to_fahrenheit_w_pythonic_string_formatting.py`_  | if, else, %, ==                            |
   +-----+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   | 2/9 | **Conditions and loops**                                                                                  |
   +     +--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   |     | `21-even_or_odd_number.py`_                                  | True, //, for, in, range(), False, break   |
   +     +--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   |     | `22-is_prime_number.py`_                                     |                                            |
   +     +--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   |     | `23-mean_number.py`_                                         | str.split(), float(), len()                |
   +     +--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   |     | `24-mean_number_w_library.py`_                               | from, import, statistics.mean              |
   +-----+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   | 3/9 | **Lists, Dictionaries and Tuples**                                                                        |
   +     +--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   |     | `31-weekdays.py`_                                            | lists                                      |
   +     +--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   |     | `31q-months.py`_                                             | lists (Quiz)                               |
   +     +--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   |     | `32-days_per_month.py`_                                      | dictionaries                               |
   +-----+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   | 4/9 | **Functions**                                                                                             |
   +     +--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   |     | `41-is_prime_number_redundant.py`_                           | functions                                  |
   +     +--------------------------------------------------------------+                                            +
   |     | `42-is_prime_number_w_function.py`_                          |                                            |
   +     +--------------------------------------------------------------+                                            +
   |     | `43-rectangle.py`_                                           |                                            |
   +     +--------------------------------------------------------------+                                            +
   |     | `44-shapes.py`_                                              |                                            |
   +     +--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   |     | `44q-shapes.py`_                                             | functions (Quiz)                           |
   +     +--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   |     | `45-variable_scope.py`_                                      | Variable scope                             |
   +-----+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   | 5/9 | **Classes**                                                                                               |
   +     +--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   |     | `51-two_rectangles.py`_                                      | classes                                    |
   +     +--------------------------------------------------------------+                                            +
   |     | `52-shapes.py`_                                              |                                            |
   +     +--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   |     | `52q-shapes.py`_                                             | classes (Quiz)                             |
   +-----+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   | 6/9 | **Internet communication**                                                                                |
   +     +--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   |     | `61-yahoo_weather_w_urllib.py`_                              | HTTP requests, JSON parsing                |
   +     +--------------------------------------------------------------+                                            +
   |     | `62-yahoo_weather_w_urllib3.py`_                             |                                            |
   +     +--------------------------------------------------------------+                                            +
   |     | `63-yahoo_weather_w_requests.py`_                            |                                            |
   +-----+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   | 7/9 | **Philips Hue**                                                                                           |
   +     +--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   |     | `71-philips_hue_blink.py`_                                   | RESTful web services, Philips Hue API      |
   +     +--------------------------------------------------------------+                                            +
   |     | `72-philips_hue_fade.py`_                                    |                                            |
   +     +--------------------------------------------------------------+                                            +
   |     | `73-philips_hue_sweep.py`_                                   |                                            |
   +-----+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   | 8/9 | **Google Speech**                                                                                         |
   +     +--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   |     | `81-text_to_speech.py`_                                      |                                            |
   +     +--------------------------------------------------------------+                                            +
   |     | `82-the_time_is.py`_                                         |                                            |
   +     +--------------------------------------------------------------+                                            +
   |     | `83-the_time_is_multilingual.py`_                            |                                            |
   +     +--------------------------------------------------------------+                                            +
   |     | `84_speech_to_text.py`_                                      |                                            |
   +     +--------------------------------------------------------------+                                            +
   |     | `85_speech_to_text_multilingual.py`_                         |                                            |
   +-----+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   | 9/9 | **Graphical user interfaces**                                                                             |
   +-----+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   |     | `91-window_w_label.py`_                                      | tkinter                                    |
   +     +--------------------------------------------------------------+                                            +
   |     | `92-window_w_button.py`_                                     |                                            |
   +     +--------------------------------------------------------------+                                            +
   |     | `93-window_w_frame.py`_                                      |                                            |
   +     +--------------------------------------------------------------+                                            +
   |     | `94-window_w_subclassed_frame.py`_                           |                                            |
   +     +--------------------------------------------------------------+                                            +
   |     | `95-stop_watch.py`_                                          |                                            |
   +     +--------------------------------------------------------------+                                            +
   |     | `96-stop_watch_w_lap_time.py`_                               |                                            |
   +     +--------------------------------------------------------------+                                            +
   |     | `97-traffic_light.py`_                                       |                                            |
   +     +--------------------------------------------------------------+                                            +
   |     | `98q-analogue_clock.py`_                                     |                                            |
   +-----+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   |     | **Additional Examples**                                                                                   |
   +     +--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   |     | `persistence_of_a_number.py`_                                | functions, measuring process time          |
   +-----+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   |     | `References`_                                                | Downloads, Tutorials (Online)              |
   +-----+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+

   .. _Introduction: 0-introduction/index.html
   .. _01-print.py: examples/0-introduction/index.html#print-py
   .. _02-print_w_special_character.py: examples/0-introduction/index.html#print-w-special-character-py
   .. _03-print_w_variable.py: examples/0-introduction/index.html#print-w-variable-py
   .. _04-for_loops.py: examples/0-introduction/index.html#for-loops-py
   .. _05-for_loops_and_conditions.py: examples/0-introduction/index.html#for-loops-and-conditions-py
   .. _06-calculations_and_types.py: examples/0-introduction/index.html#calculations-and-types-py
   .. _07-functions.py: examples/0-introduction/index.html#functions-py

   .. _Reserved words and identifiers: 1-reserved_words_and_identifiers/index.html
   .. _11-hello_world.py: examples/1-reserved_words_and_identifiers/index.html#hello-world-py
   .. _12-hello_world_w_variable.py: examples/1-reserved_words_and_identifiers/index.html#hello-world-w-variable-py
   .. _13-hello_world_w_input.py: examples/1-reserved_words_and_identifiers/index.html#hello-world-w-input-py
   .. _14-hello_world_w_pythonic_string_formatting.py: examples/1-reserved_words_and_identifiers/index.html#hello-world-w-pythonic-string-formatting-py
   .. _15-celsius_to_fahrenheit.py: examples/1-reserved_words_and_identifiers/index.html#celsius-to-fahrenheit-py
   .. _16-celsius_to_fahrenheit_w_pythonic_string_formatting.py: examples/1-reserved_words_and_identifiers/index.html#celsius-to-fahrenheit-w-pythonic-string-formatting-py

   .. _Conditions and loops: 2-conditions_and_loops/index.html
   .. _21-even_or_odd_number.py: examples/2-conditions_and_loops/index.html#even-or-odd-number-py
   .. _22-is_prime_number.py: examples/2-conditions_and_loops/index.html#is-prime-number-py
   .. _23-mean_number.py: examples/2-conditions_and_loops/index.html#mean-number-py
   .. _24-mean_number_w_library.py: examples/2-conditions_and_loops/index.html#mean-number-w-library-py

   .. _Lists, Dictionaries and Tuples: 3-lists_dictionaries_and_tuples.html
   .. _31-weekdays.py: examples/3-lists_dictionaries_and_tuples/index.html#weekdays-py
   .. _31q-months.py: examples/3-lists_dictionaries_and_tuples/index.html#q-months-py
   .. _32-days_per_month.py: examples/3-lists_dictionaries_and_tuples/index.html#days-per-month-py

   .. _Functions: 4-functions/index.html
   .. _41-is_prime_number_redundant.py: examples/4-functions/index.html#is-prime-number-redundant-py
   .. _42-is_prime_number_w_function.py: examples/4-functions/index.html#is-prime-number-w-function-py
   .. _43-rectangle.py: examples/4-functions/index.html#rectangle-py
   .. _44-shapes.py: examples/4-functions/index.html#shapes-py
   .. _44q-shapes.py: examples/4-functions/index.html#q-shapes-py
   .. _45-variable_scope.py: examples/4-functions/index.html#variable-scope-py

   .. _Classes: 5-classes/index.html
   .. _51-two_rectangles.py: examples/5-classes/index.html#two-rectangles-py
   .. _52-shapes.py: examples/5-classes/index.html#shapes-py
   .. _52q-shapes.py: examples/5-classes/index.html#q-shapes-py

   .. _Internet communication: 6-internet_communication/index.html
   .. _61-yahoo_weather_w_urllib.py: examples/6-internet_communication/index.html#yahoo-weather-w-urllib-py
   .. _62-yahoo_weather_w_urllib3.py: examples/6-internet_communication/index.html#yahoo-weather-w-urllib3-py
   .. _63-yahoo_weather_w_requests.py: examples/6-internet_communication/index.html#yahoo-weather-w-requests-py

   .. _Philips Hue: 7-philips_hue/index.html
   .. _71-philips_hue_blink.py: examples/7-philips_hue/index.html#philips-hue-blink-py
   .. _72-philips_hue_fade.py: examples/7-philips_hue/index.html#philips-hue-fade-py
   .. _73-philips_hue_sweep.py: examples/7-philips_hue/index.html#philips-hue-sweep-py

   .. _Google Speech: 8-google_speech/index.html
   .. _81-text_to_speech.py: examples/8-google_speech/index.html#text-to-speech-py
   .. _82-the_time_is.py: examples/8-google_speech/index.html#the-time-is-py
   .. _83-the_time_is_multilingual.py: examples/8-google_speech/index.html#the-time-is-multilingual-py
   .. _84_speech_to_text.py: examples/8-google_speech/index.html#speech-to-text-py
   .. _85_speech_to_text_multilingual.py: examples/8-google_speech/index.html#speech-to-text-multilingual-py

   .. _Graphical user interfaces: 9-graphical_user_interfaces/index.html
   .. _91-window_w_label.py: examples/9-graphical_user_interfaces/index.html#window-w-label-py
   .. _92-window_w_button.py: examples/9-graphical_user_interfaces/index.html#window-w-button-py
   .. _93-window_w_frame.py: examples/9-graphical_user_interfaces/index.html#window-w-frame-py
   .. _94-window_w_subclassed_frame.py: examples/9-graphical_user_interfaces/index.html#window-w-subclassed-frame-py
   .. _95-stop_watch.py: examples/9-graphical_user_interfaces/index.html#simple-stop-py
   .. _96-stop_watch_w_lap_time.py: examples/9-graphical_user_interfaces/index.html#stop-watch-w_lap_time_py
   .. _97-traffic_light.py: examples/9-graphical_user_interfaces/index.html#traffic-light-py
   .. _98q-analogue_clock.py: examples/9-graphical_user_interfaces/index.html#q-analogue-clock-py

   .. _Additional Examples: 10-additional_examples/index.html
   .. _persistence_of_a_number.py: examples/10-additional_examples/index.html#persistence-of-a-number-py

   .. _References: references.html

   .. include:: /_includes/shell_commands.rst

   .. include:: /_includes/reserved_words.rst

   .. include:: keywords.rst